Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Cost Equations: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12922/9Keywords:
energy expenditure, exercise, locomotion, prediction, modelingAbstract
Military personnel often engage in multi-day missions in harsh environments that require physical strength and endurance. Predicting the metabolic costs of dismounted military movements is of critical importance for mission planning and ensuring Soldier safety. The ability to accurately predict individualized thermo-physiological responses specific to variables such as clothing, equipment, weather, terrain, and environment is of significant concern. While there are multiple equations published that predict metabolic cost, only a few account for all of these variables. This paper compares several well-recognized equations that address the needs of the military: 1) Givoni & Goldman (1971), 2) Pandolf et al. (1977), 3) American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (2000), 4) Minetti et al. (2002), and 5) Santee et al. (2003b). This review shows that existing equations generally lack some of the required elements for estimating military activities and, with the exception of the Pandolf Equation, others do not account for an external load, resting conditions and terrain or surface characteristics. Furthermore, this review outlines the need for continued refinement of existing equations or development of improved estimation equations.
References
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.) Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Blanchard, LA, & Santee, WR Comparison of USARIEM heat strain decision aid to mobile decision aid and standard Army guidelines for warm weather training. Technical Report T08-7, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 2008.
Dean CE. The modern warrior’s combat load: dismounted operations in Afghanistan, April-May 2003. Fort Leavenworth, KS. Army Center for Lessons Learned 2004. [Google Scholar]
Epstein Y, Rosenblum J, Burnstein R, Sawka MN. External load can alter energy cost of prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;57(2):243-247. PubMed PMID: 3349993. [Google Scholar]
FM 21-18. Foot marches, Department of the Army. Washington, D.C., 1990.
Givoni B, Goldman RF. Predicting metabolic energy cost. Journal of Applied Physiology 1971;30(3):429-433. PubMed PMID: 5544128. [Google Scholar]
Keul J. The relationship between circulation and metabolism during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports 1973;5(4):209-219. PubMed PMID: 4590141. [Google Scholar]
Knapik, J. & Reynolds, K. Load carriage in military operations: a review of historical, physiological, and medical aspects. Santee, W.R. and K.E. Friedl (eds), Borden Institute Monograph Series, US Army Medical Research and Material Command, Ft. Detrick, MD, 2010.
Kraning KK, Gonzalez RR. A mechanistic computer simulation of human work in heat that accounts for physical and physiological effects of clothing, aerobic fitness, and progressive dehydration. Journal of thermal biology 1997;22(4):331-342. [Google Scholar]
Lee IM, Titze S, Oja P. Wife carrying for health. Med J Aust 2011;195(11):723-725. [Google Scholar]
Minetti AE, Moia C, Roi GS, Susta D, Ferretti G. Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes. Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;93(3):3-1039. Available from: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12183501 PubMed PMID: 12183501. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01177.2001. [Google Scholar]
Pandolf KB, Givoni B, Goldman RF. Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly. Journal of Applied Physiology 1977;43(4):577-581. PubMed PMID: 908672. [Google Scholar]
Patton JF, Kaszuba J, Mello RP, Reynolds KL. Physiological responses to prolonged treadmill walking with external loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1991;63(2):89-93. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html PubMed PMID: 1748110. [Google Scholar]
Pinmental NA, Pandolf KB. Energy expenditure while standing or walking slowly uphill or downhill with loads. Ergonomics 1979;22(8):963-973. [Google Scholar]
Roza AM, Shizgal HM. The Harris-Benedict equation reevaluated: Resting energy requirements and the body cell mass. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;40(1):168-182. Available from: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6741850 PubMed PMID: 6741850. [Google Scholar]
Santee, WR, Blanchard, LA, Speckman, KL, Gonzalez, JA, & Wallace, RF. Load carriage model development and testing with field data. Technical note TN03-3, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 2003.
Santee WR, Small MG, Blanchard LA. Application of energy cost algorithms for load carriage to field data. Journal of the Human-Environmental System 2003;6(2):69-76. [Google Scholar]
TB MED 507. Heat stress control and heat casualty management. Department of the Army, Technical Bulletin Medicine 2003. [Google Scholar]
Tharion WJ, Lieberman HR, Montain SJ, Young AJ, Baker-Fulco CJ, DeLany JP, et al. Energy requirements of military personnel. Appetite 2005;44(1):47-65. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html PubMed PMID: 15604033. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2003.11.010. [Google Scholar]
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).