Strategies to Manage Stress and Fatigue in Athletes

Authors

  • Mingdong Wu Shanghai University of Sport and Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang
  • Stephen Rossi Georgia Southern University
  • Chuanyin Jiang Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang
  • Li Li Georgia Southern University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12922/jshp.v6i1.109

Keywords:

fatigue, performance, injury, travel, sleep, training load

Abstract

High level athletes frequently travel for competition, participate in heavy training loads, have dense competitive schedules, and have to manage pressure to perform. All of these are sources of stress and if not strategically managed could lead to fatigue, decreased performance, and increased risk for injury. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader scientifically based strategies to manage stress and promote performance. Specific attention will focus on the influence of travel, sleep, and training load.

References

Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Edwards B. The stress of travel. Journal of sports sciences 2004;22:946-966. 10.1080/02640410400000264

Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup. British journal of sports medicine 2004;38:493-497.

Leatherwood WE, Dragoo JL. Effect of airline travel on performance: a review of the literature. British journal of sports medicine 2013;47:561-567. 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091449

Bigland-Ritchie B, Cafarelli E, Vøllestad NK. Fatigue of submaximal static contractions. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1985;556:137-148.

Sharpe MC, Archard LC, Banatvala JE, et al. A report--chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1991;84:118.

Jordan KM, Ayers PM, Jahn SC, et al. Prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness in children and adolescents. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2000;6:3-21.

Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology 2008;104:542-550.

Zatsiorsky VM, Kraemer WJ. Science and practice of strength training: Human Kinetics, 2006.

Kraemer WJ, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, et al. The Effects of a Roundtrip Trans-American Jet Travel on Physiological Stress, Neuromuscular Performance and Recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology 2016:jap. 00429.2016.

Herxheimer A, Waterhouse J. The prevention and treatment of jet lag. Student BMJ 2003;11:46.

Reilly T, Waterhouse J, Edwards B. Jet lag and air travel: implications for performance. Clinics in sports medicine 2005;24:367-380.

Samuels CH. Jet lag and travel fatigue: a comprehensive management plan for sport medicine physicians and high-performance support teams. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2012;22:268-273.

1097/JSM.0b013e31824d2eeb

Courneya KS, Carron AV. The home advantage in sport competitions: a literature review. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 1992;14.

McGuckin TA, Sinclair WH, Sealey RM, Bowman P. The effects of air travel on performance measures of elite Australian rugby league players. European journal of sport science 2014;14:S116-S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.654270

Kim I. Dealing with Jet Lag. Chemical Engineering 1998;105:125.

Reilly T, Waterhouse J, Edwards B. Jet lag and air travel: implications for performance. Clinics in sports medicine 2005;24:367-380.

Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Edwards B. The stress of travel. Journal of sports sciences 2004;22:946-966. DOI: 10.1080/02640410400000264

Winget CM, DeRoshia CW, Holley DC. Circadian rhythms and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1985.

Leatherwood WE, Dragoo JL. Effect of airline travel on performance: a review of the literature. British journal of sports medicine 2013;47:561-567. 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091449

Waterhouse J, Nevill A, Finnegan J, et al. Further assessments of the relationship between jet lag and some of its symptoms. Chronobiology international 2005;22:121-136.

Lemmer B, Kern R, Nold G, Lohrer H. Jet lag in athletes after eastward and westward time-zone transition. Chronobiology international 2002;19:743-764.

Loat C, Rhodes EC. Jet-lag and human performance. Sports Medicine 1989;8:226-238.

Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Sports performance: is there evidence that the body clock plays a role? European journal of applied physiology 2009;106:321-332. DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1066-x

Jehue R, Street D, Huizenga R. Effect of time zone and game time changes on team performance: National Football League. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1993;25:127-131.

Steenland K, Deddens JA. Effect of travel and rest on performance of professional basketball players. Sleep 1997;20:366-369.

Kara SD. Injuries in professional rugby union: a study of five year of injury data with training loads and travel as co-variates.: Auckland University of Technology, 2013.

Banister EW, Calvert TW, Savage MV, Bach T. A systems model of training for athletic performance. Aust J Sports Med 1975;7:57-61.

Busso T. Variable dose-response relationship between exercise training and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2003;35:1188-1195.

McNamara DJ, Gabbett TJ, Naughton G. Assessment of workload and its effects on performance and injury in elite cricket fast bowlers. Sports medicine 2016:1-13.

McNair DM, Droppleman LF, Lorr M. Edits manual for the profile of mood states: POMS: Edits, 1992.

Borg G. Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales.: Human kinetics, 1998.

Kellmann M, Altenburg D, Lormes W, Steinacker JM. Assessing stress and recovery during preparation for the world championships in rowing. Sport Psychologist 2001;15:151-167.

Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup. British journal of sports medicine 2004;38:493-497.

Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Recovery in Soccer. Sports Medicine 2012;42:997-1015.

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. Journal of sports sciences 2003;21:519-528. DOI:10.1080/0264041031000071182

Gabbett TJ, Domrow N. Relationships between training load, injury, and fitness in sub-elite collision sport athletes. Journal of sports sciences 2007;25:1507-1519. DOI: 10.1080/02640410701215066

Morin S, Ahmaidi S, Leprêtre PM. Competition Calendar and Strength-Aerobic Training Sessions Interaction: The Brainteaser of Coach to Manage Training Schedule in Elite Team Sport Athletes. J Athl Enhancement 4: 5. of 2015;3:2.

Gabbett TJ. Influence of training and match intensity on injuries in rugby league. Journal of sports sciences 2004;22:409-417. DOI: 10.1080/02640410310001641638

Dupont G, Nedelec M, McCall A, McCormack D, Berthoin S, Wisløff U. Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate. The American journal of sports medicine 2010;38:1752-1758. DOI: 10.1177/0363546510361236

Fullagar HH, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports medicine 2015;45:161-186. DOI 10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0

Scott JP, McNaughton LR, Polman RC. Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiology & behavior 2006;87:396-408. DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.009

Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep 2011;34:943. DOI: 10.5665/SLEEP.1132

Luke A, Lazaro RM, Bergeron MF, et al. Sports-related injuries in youth athletes: is overscheduling a risk factor? Clinical journal of sport medicine 2011;21:307-314. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182218f71

Milewski MD, Skaggs DL, Bishop GA, et al. Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2014;34:129-133.

Pilcher JJ, Ginter DR, Sadowsky B. Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of psychosomatic research 1997;42:583-596. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4

Oliver SJ, Costa RJ, Laing SJ, Bilzon JL, Walsh NP. One night of sleep deprivation decreases treadmill endurance performance. European journal of applied physiology 2009;107:155-161. DOI 10.1007/s00421-009-1103-9

Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep 2011;34:943.

Fietze I, Strauch J, Holzhausen M, et al. Sleep quality in professional ballet dancers. Chronobiology international 2009;26:1249-1262.

Fullagar HH, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Medicine 2015;45:161-186. DOI 10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0

Juliff LE, Halson SL, Peiffer JJ. Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2015;18:13-18. DOI:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.007

Marshall GJ, Turner AN. The importance of sleep for athletic performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2016;38:61-67.

Buysse DJ, Hall ML, Strollo PJ, et al. Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2008;4:563.

Pyne DB, Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Clancy RL, Perry C, Fricker PA. Training strategies to maintain immunocompetence in athletes. International journal of sports medicine 2000;21:S51.

Westman M, Eden D. The inverted-U relationship between stress and performance: A field study. Work & Stress 1996;10:165-173.

Filaire E, Alix D, Ferrand C, Verger M. Psychophysiological stress in tennis players during the first single match of a tournament. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:150-157. DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.022

Abenza Cano L, Piñar López MI, Ureña Ortín N, Alarcón López F. Relation between the anxiety and performance of an team of basketball during the competition. Revista de psicología del deporte 2009;18:0409-413.

Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Recovery in Soccer. Sports Medicine 2012;42:997-1015.

Lago-Peñas C. The role of situational variables in analysing physical performance in soccer. Journal of human kinetics 2012;35:89-95. DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0082-9

Gibson ASC, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise. Sports Medicine 2001;31:637-650.

Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Recovery in Soccer. Sports Medicine 2012;42:997-1015.

Halson SL. Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes. Sports Medicine 2014;44 Suppl 2:139-147. DOI 10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z

Borresen J, Lambert MI. The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports Medicine 2009;39:779-795.

Hoffman JR. The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high-intensity exercise in infantry soldiers. Military medicine 1997;162:484.

Marshall GJ, Turner AN. The importance of sleep for athletic performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2016;38:61-67.

Halson SL. Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Medicine 2014;44:13-23. DOI 10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0

Samuels CH. Jet lag and travel fatigue: a comprehensive management plan for sport medicine physicians and high-performance support teams. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2012;22:268-273. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31824d2eeb

Reilly T. How can travelling athletes deal with jet-lag? 2009;41:128-135.

Atkinson G, Buckley P, Edwards B, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Are there hangover-effects on physical performance when melatonin is ingested by athletes before nocturnal sleep? International journal of sports medicine 2001;22:232-234.

Kraemer WJ, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, et al. The Effects of a Roundtrip Trans-American Jet Travel on Physiological Stress, Neuromuscular Performance and Recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology 2016:jap. 00429.2016.

Rossi SJ, Buford TW, McMillan J, Kovacs MS, Marshall AE. Nutritional strategies and immune function. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2010;32:65-70.

Beelen M. Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 2010;20:515-532.

Ersoy N, Ersoy G, Kutlu M. Assessment of hydration status of elite young male soccer players with different methods and new approach method of substitute urine strip. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2016;13:34. DOI 10.1186/s12970-016-0145-8

Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Nozaki S, et al. Antifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigue. Nutrition 2008;24:293-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.007

Blomstrand E. Amino acids and central fatigue. Amino acids 2001;20:25-34.

Benson L, Mushtaq S. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) for 4 weeks reduces post-exercise fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in trained male athletes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2015;74:E280. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115003274

Kenttä G, Hassmen P, Kellmann M. Underrecovery and overtraining: A conceptual model. Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes 2002:57-79.

Downloads

Published

2018-03-15

How to Cite

Wu, M., Rossi, S., Jiang, C., & Li, L. (2018). Strategies to Manage Stress and Fatigue in Athletes. Journal of Sport and Human Performance, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.12922/jshp.v6i1.109