Supplementary Files
How to Cite
Abstract
Hurricanes are recognized as a strong forcing in changing coastal morphology by redistributing sediments. Barrier islands protect estuaries from storm surge and severe waves and confine water and sediment discharge into estuaries during a hurricane event. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional, fully coupled storm surge, waves, and sediment transport model. The impacts of barrier islands degradation on hurricane hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics were evaluated by comparing a hypothetical model configuration for four major barrier islands in Terrebonne Bay and Barataria Bay against a baseline configuration. With the hypothetical deterioration of barrier islands, model results showed that the sediment transport from the shelf to the estuary increased in Terrebonne Bay but decreased in Barataria Bay. In the simulations, most of the deposition on coastal wetland still originated from the bay even when the barrier islands were degraded.References
Baptist, M. (2003). "A flume experiment on sediment transport with flexible, submerged vegetation.† International workshop on riparian forest vegetated channels: hydraulic, morphological and ecological aspects, RIPFOR, Trento, Italy.
Booij, N., Ris, R., and Holthuijsen, L. H. (1999). "A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. model description and validation.† Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104(C4), 7649-7666.
Borsje, B. W., Hulscher, S. J. M. H., Herman, P. M. J., and De Vries, M. B. (2009). "On the parameterization of biological influences on offshore sand wave dynamics.† Ocean Dynamics, 59(5), 659-670.
Bouma, T., Van Duren, L., Temmerman, S., Claverie, T., Blanco-Garcia, A., Ysebaert, T., and Herman, P. (2007). "Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures: Combining field, flume and modelling experiments.† Continental Shelf Research, 27(8), 1020-1045.
Cobell, Z., Zhao, H., Roberts, H. J., Clark, F. R., and Zou, S. (2013). "Surge and wave modeling for theLouisiana 2012 Coastal Master Plan.† Journal of Coastal Research, 67(sp1), 88-108.
Couvillion, B. R., Barras, J. A., Steyer, G. D., Sleavin, W., Fischer, M., Beck, H., Trahan, N., Griffin, B., and Heckman, D. (2011). "Land area change in coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010.† U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Map 3164.
Couvillion, B. R., Steyer, G. D., Wang, H., Beck, H. J., and Rybczyk, J. M. (2013). "Forecasting the effects of coastal protection and restoration projects on wetland morphology in coastal Louisiana under multiple environmental uncertainty scenarios.† Journal of Coastal Research, 67(sp1), 29-50.
Dietrich, J. C., Westerink, J. J., Kennedy, A. B., Smith, J. M., Jensen, R. E., Zijlema, M., ... & Cardone, V. J. (2011). Hurricane Gustav (2008) waves and storm surge: hindcast, synoptic analysis, and validation in Southern Louisiana. Monthly Weather Review, 139(8), 2488-2522.
Grzegorzewski, A. S., Cialone, M. A., and Wamsley, T. V. (2011). "Interaction of barrier islands and storms: implications for flood risk reduction in Louisiana and Mississippi.† Journal of Coastal Research, 156-164.
Horstman, E., Dohmen-Janssen, C., Bouma, T., and Hulscher, S. (2015). "Tidal-scale flow routing and sedimentation in mangrove forests: combining field data and numerical modelling.† Geomorphology, 228, 244-262.
Hu, K., Chen, Q., and Wang, H. (2015). "A numerical study of vegetation impact on reducing storm surge by wetlands in a semi-enclosed estuary.† Coastal Engineering, 95, 66-76.
Hughes, Z., Weathers, D., Georgiou, I., FitzGerald, D., and Kulp, M. (2012). Barrier island morphology model technical report (Appendix D-3). In: Louisiana's Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast, Louisiana. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority.
Kennedy, A. B., Gravois, U., Zachry, B., Luettich, R., Whipple, T., Weaver, R., Fleming, F., Chen, Q., and Avissar, R. (2010). "Rapidly installed temporary gauging for hurricane waves and surge, and application to Hurricane Gustav.† Continental Shelf Research, 30(16), 1743-1752.
Kuiper, S. (2010). "Cross-shore morphological response on chaland headland due to Hurricanes Gustav and Ike.† M.S. thesis, Delft University of Technology.
Lapetina, A. and Sheng, Y. P. (2015). "Simulating complex storm surge dynamics: Three-dimensionality, vegetation effect, and onshore sediment transport.† Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(11), 7363-7380.
Liu, K., Chen, Q., Hu, K., Xu, K. and Twilley, R. R. (2018), "Modeling hurricane-induced wetland-bay and bay-shelf sediment fluxes.† Coast Engineering, 135, 77-90.
Penland, S., Boyd, R., and Suter, J. R. (1988). "Transgressive depositional systems of the Mississippi Delta Plain: a model for barrier shoreline and shelf sand development.† Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(6), 932-949.
Sasser, C. E., Visser, J. M., Mouton, E., Linscombe, J., and Hartley, S. (2008). "Vegetation types in coastal Louisiana in 2007.† U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1224.
Stone, G. W. and McBride, R. A. (1998). "Louisiana barrier islands and their importance in wetland protection: forecasting shoreline change and subsequent response of wave climate.† Journal of Coastal Research, 900-915.
Stone, G. W., Zhang, X., and Sheremet, A. (2005). "The role of barrier islands, muddy shelf and reefs in mitigating the wave field along coastal Louisiana.† Journal of Coastal Research, 40-55.
Temmerman, S., Bouma, T., Govers, G., Wang, Z., De Vries, M., and Herman, P. (2005). "Impact of vegetation on flow routing and sedimentation patterns: Three dimensional modeling for a tidal marsh.† Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (20032012), 110(F4).
Tweel, A. W. and Turner, R. E. (2012). "Landscape-scale analysis of wetland sediment deposition from four tropical cyclone events.† PloS One, 7(11), e50528.
Uittenbogaard, R. (2003). "Modelling turbulence in vegetated aquatic flows.† International workshop on RIParian FORest vegetated channels: hydraulic, morphological and ecological aspects, 20-22.
Wamsley, T. V., Cialone, M. A., Smith, J. M., Ebersole, B. A., and Grzegorzewski, A. S. (2009). "Influence of landscape restoration and degradation on storm surge and waves in southern Louisiana.† Natural Hazards, 51(1), 207-224.
Weisberg, R. H., & Zheng, L. (2008). Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three†dimensional with two†dimensional formulations based on an Ivan†like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C12).
Williams, S., Arsenault, M., Buczkowski, B., Reid, J., Flocks, J., Kulp, M., Penland, S., and Jenkins, C. (2006). "Surficial sediment character of the Louisiana offshore continental shelf region: a GIS compilation.† U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1195.
Xu, K., Mickey, R. C., Chen, Q., Harris, C. K., Hetland, R. D., Hu, K., and Wang, J. (2016). "Shelf sediment transport during hurricanes Katrina and Rita.† Computers & Geosciences, 90, 24-39.
Zheng, L., Weisberg, R. H., Huang, Y., Luettich, R. A., Westerink, J. J., Kerr, P. C., ... & Akli, L. (2013). Implications from the comparisons between two†and three†dimensional model simulations of the Hurricane Ike storm surge. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(7), 3350-3369.