Keywords
Tsunami
Resonance
Spectral Analysis
Finite Elements
How to Cite
Abstract
This work presents the analysis of resonance in two of the main cities along the northern coast of Chile, where a large tsunamigenic potential remains despite recent earthquakes. By combining a modal analysis solving the theory of free and forced oscillations, with the analysis of background spectra derived from in situ measurements, the spatial and temporal structure of the modes are recovered. Comparison with spectra from three tsunamis of different characteristics shows that the modes found have been excited by past events. Moreover, a difference in the overall response between locations is found. Arica is more sensitive to the characteristics of the tsunami source, whereas Iquique shows a smaller dependency. Results are further contrasted with other methodologies with good agreement. These findings are relevant in characterizing the tsunami hazard in the area, and the methodology can be further extended to other areas along the Chilean coast.References
K. Abe. Synthesis of a tsunami spectrum in a semi-enclosed basin using its background spectrum. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(6-7):1101-1112, 2011. ISSN 0033-4553. doi: 10.1007/s00024-010-0222-x.
R. Aránguiz. Chapter 6 - Tsunami Resonance in the Bay of Concepción (Chile) and the Effect of Future Events . In M. Esteban, H. Takagi, and T. Shibayama, editors, Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners , pages 93 - 113. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-801060-0. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801060-0.00006-X.
G. Bellotti, R. Briganti, and G. M. Beltrami. The combined role of bay and shelf modes in tsunami COASTAL ENGINEERING 2016 13 amplification along the coast. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(C8):C08027, Aug 2012a. doi:10.1029/2012JC008061.
G. Bellotti, R. Briganti, G. M. Beltrami, and F. Leopoldo. Modal analysis of semi-enclosed basins. Coastal Engineering, 64(0):16-25, Mar 2012b. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.02.00.
J. S. Bendat and A. G. Piersol. Random data analysis and measurement procedures. John Willey & Sons, 4th edition, pp:280-283, 2010.
M. M. Betcke. QARPACK: Quadratic Arnoldi Package. User Guide. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University College London, 2013.
M. M. Betcke and H. Voss. Nonlinear Restarted Arnoldi: Interior Eigenvalue Computation.Technical Report Technical Report 157, Institute of Numerical Simulation, https://www.mat.tuharburg.de/ins/forschung/rep/rep157.pdf, 2011.
J. C. Borrero and S. D. Greer. Comparison of the 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan Tsunamis in the Far Field. Pure Appl. Geophys., 170(6-8):1249-1274, Jun 2013. ISSN 1420-9136. doi: 10.1007/s00024-012-0559-4.
P. A. Catalán, R. Aránguiz, G. González, T. Tomita, R. Cienfuegos, J. González, M. N. Shrivastava, K. Kumagai, C. Mokrani, P. Cortés, and A. Gubler. The 1 April 2014 Pisagua tsunami: Observations and modeling. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(8):2918-2925, 2015. ISSN 1944-8007. doi:10.1002/2015GL063333. 2015GL063333.
D. L. Codiga. Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions. Technical Report 2011-01, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI., 2011.
S. F. Farreras. Tsunami resonant conditions of Conception Bay (Chile). Marine Geodesy, 1(4):355-360, 1978. doi: 10.1080/01490417809387981.
G. P. Hayes, M. W. Herman, W. D. Barnhart, K. P. Furlong, S. Riquelme, H. M. Benz, E. Bergman, S. Barrientos, P. S. Earle, and S. Samsonov. Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake. Nature, 512(7514):295-298, Aug. 2014. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature13677.
J. He and Z.-F. Fu, editors. Modal Analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7506-5079-3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5079-3.50016-4.
J. Horrillo, W. Knight, and Z. Kowalik. The Kuril Islands Tsunami of November 2006, Part II: Impact at Crescent City by local enhancement. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113:C010201, 2008. doi:0.1029/2007JC004404.
C. Lomnitz. Major Earthquakes of Chile: A Historical Survey, 1535-1960. Seismological Research Letters, 75(3):368-378, 2004. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.75.3.368.
S. Munger and K. Cheung. Resonance in Hawaii waters from the 2006 Kuril Islands tsunami. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(7):L07605, 2008. ISSN 0094-8276. doi: 10.1029/2007GL032843,.
A. Rabinovich. Seiches and Harbor Oscillations. In Y. C. Kim, editor, Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, pages 193-236. World Sci., 2009.
A. Rabinovich, F. Stephenson, and R. Thomson. The California Tsunami of 15 June 2005 along the coast of North America. Atmosphere-ocean, 44(4):415-427, 2006. ISSN 0705-5900. doi: 10.3137/ao.440406.
A. B. Rabinovich. Spectral analysis of tsunami waves: Separation of source and topography effects. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102(C6):12663-12676, 1997. ISSN 2156-2202. doi:10.1029/97JC00479.
V. Roeber, Y. Yamazaki, and K. Cheung. Resonance and impact of the 2009 Samoa tsunami around Tutuila, American Samoa. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(21):L21604, 2010. ISSN 0094-8276. doi: 10.1029/2010GL044419.
R. J. Sobey. Normal mode decomposition for identification of storm tide and tsunami hazard. Coastal Engineering, 53(2-3):289-301, 2006. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.10.016.
E. Tolkova and W. Power. Obtaining natural oscillatory modes of bays and harbors via empirical orthogonal function analysis of tsunami wave fields. Ocean Dynamics, 61(6):731-751, 2011. ISSN 1616-7341. doi:10.1007/s10236-011-0388-5.
M.-d.-M. Vich and S. Monserrat. Source spectrum for the Algerian tsunami of 21 May 2003 estimated from coastal tide gauge data. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(20):n/a-n/a, 2009. ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1029/2009GL039970.
Y. Yamazaki and K. F. Cheung. Shelf resonance and impact of near-field tsunami generated by the 2010 Chile earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(12):L12605, Jun 2011. doi: 10.1029/2011GL047508.
O. Zaytsev, A. B. Rabinovich, and R. E. Thomson. A comparative analysis of coastal and open-ocean records of the great chilean tsunamis of 2010, 2014 and 2015 off the coast of mexico. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(12):4139-4178, 2016. ISSN 1420-9136. doi: 10.1007/s00024-016-1407-8.