Abstract
This note presents wave flume experiments, carried out at Aalborg University, measuring the horizontal sliding distance of a vertical breakwater in 1:40 scale. Horizontal and uplift wave induced pressures were accurately measured simultaneously with the caisson movements. Caissons of different weight and same geometries are tested under regular and irregular waves. It is found that, under breaking conditions, the expected inaccuracy of the prediction of the force, inherent on the variability of the breaking process, induce unacceptable errors in the prediction of the sliding. This observation endorses other previous experimental results. Conversely, when the actual measured input force is used as input, the analytical Shimosako formula fit quite well the experimental sliding distance.References
Blackmore (1982): Evaluation of wave forces on seawalls, PhD. Thesis, Plymouth Polytechnics. Blackmore P.A., Hewson P.J. 1984. Experiments on full scale wave impact pressures. Coastal Engineering, 8, 331-346.
Bullock G., C. Obhrai, D.H. Peregrine, H. Bredmose Violent breaking wave impacts Part 1: results from large-scale regular wave tests on vertical and sloping walls Coast. Eng., 54 (8) (2007), pp. 602-617
Bullock G., C. Obhrai, G. Wolters, G. Muller, H. Peregrine, H. Bredmose (2004): Characteristics and design implications of breaking wave impacts Proc. of the 29th Inst. Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2004Vol. 4 (2004), pp. 3966-3978
Cuomo G., W. Allsop, T. Bruce, J. Pearson (2010) Breaking wave loads at vertical seawalls and breakwaters, Coast. Eng., 57 (4) pp. 424-439.
Franco, L. (1994): Vertical breakwaters: the Italian Experience. Coastal Engineering, 22, 31-55. Goda (2010): Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. World Scientific, 3rd Ed., 732 pp.
Hattori M., Arami A., Yui T., (1994). Wave impact pressure on vertical walls under breaking waves of various types., 22 (1-2), 79-114
Kim, T.M., Takayama, T. & Miyawaki, Y. (2004) Laboratory Experiments on the Sliding Distance and Tilting Angle of a Caisson Breakwater Subject to Wave Impact, Proc. 29th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng., ASCE, pp 3762-3773.
Kirkgöz, M.S. (1991): Impact pressure of breaking waves on vertical and sloping walls. Ocean Engr., 18, 45-49.
Kisacik D., Troch P., Van Bogaert P., Caspeele R. (2014): Investigation of uplift impact forces on a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab, Coastal Engineering, 90, 12-22
Lamberti A., L. Martinelli., M.G. Gaeta, M. Tirindelli, J. Alderson, 2011: Experimental spatial correlation of wave loads on front decks, Journal of Hydraulic Research Vol. 49, No. S1, pp. 81-90.
Marinski J.G. & H. Oumeraci (1992): Dynamic response of vertical structures to breaking wave forces - review of the CIS design experience. Proc. ICCE1992, ASCE, vol. 23, Part 2, pp. 1357-1370
Martinelli L., A. Lamberti (2011). Dynamic response of caisson breakwaters: suggestions for the equivalent static analysis of a single caisson in the array, Coastal Engineering Journal 53, (1), 1-20.
Oumeraci H. (1994): Review and analysis of vertical breakwater failures: lesson learned. Coastal Engineering, 22, 3-29.
Shimosako K., S. Takahashi, K. Tanimoto (1994): Estimating the sliding distance of composite breakwaters due to wave forces inclusive of impulsive forces Proc. of 24th Int. Conf. Coastal Eng, ASCE, Kobe (1994), pp. 1580-1594
Shimosako, K. & Takahashi, S. (2000). Application of Expected Sliding Distance Method for Composite Breakwaters Design, Proc. 27th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng., ASCE, pp 1885-1898.
Wolters G., G. Muller, G. Bullock, C. Obhrai, H. Peregrine, H. Bredmose (2004): Field and large scale model tests of wave impact pressure propagation into cracks Proc. of the 29th Inst. Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2004vol. 4 (2004), pp. 4027-4039
Zhang S., Yue D.K.P., Tanizawa K. (1996): Simulation of plunging wave impact on a vertical wall., J. Fluid Mechanics, 327, 221-254.